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Memory error but I'm below limits

I'm getting this error: MySQLdb._exceptions.InternalError: (3, "Error writing file '/rdsdbdata/tmp/MYfd=1227' (OS errno 28 - No space left on device)").

However, If I execute SELECT -> table_schema AS db_name, -> ROUND(SUM(data_length + index_length) / 1024 / 1024 / 1024, 4) AS total_size_gb -> FROM information_schema.tables -> WHERE table_schema = DATABASE(); on my first database I get 126.2228GB and on my second 1.1584GB. On the file page it says 3.5 GB of your 140.0 GB quota. So, according to my calculations, there should still be 9.11 GB left.

It definitely can't be because I'm trying to insert more than 9 GB. In fact, I'm doing something like select * from some_cte limit 10 and loading the result into a Pandas DataFrame. So technically, I'm not writing anything to the database at all.

That is not an error about the disk space for your database. It is related to temporary space. The query that you are trying to run appears to be trying to create large temporary tables and it's the space for temporary tables that is running out of space.